Reflexiones sobre la alianza terapéutica en adolescentes con anorexia nerviosa y sus familias / Reflections on the therapeutic alliance in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their families

La alianza terapéutica en pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa constituye un desafío debido a la gravedad de muchos de estos pacientes, a la falta de conciencia de enfermedad que poseen y a la resistencia al cambio, tanto del paciente como de sus familias. Frecuentemente, existe un desconocimiento por parte de los equipos médicos, de dicha patología y de su manejo. Diversos autores han aportado elementos necesarios para una adecuada alianza terapéutica y proponen estrategias que faciliten la construcción de esta alianza. En este artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión de las observaciones ofrecidas por varios autores, desde donde se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de la alianza terapéutica en pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa y sus familias.

The therapeutic alliance in patients with Anorexia Nervosa constitutes a challenge due to several factors such as the severity of the illness that most of these patients suffer, their lack of awareness of disease, and the resistance to change in the patient and their family. Medical teams are frequently ignorant of this pathology and its treatment. Various authors have contributed in terms of the necessary elements for an adequate therapeutic alliance and in terms of delivering strategies to facilitate this alliance. In this article we will review several authors and reflect on the importance of the therapeutic alliance in patients with Anorexia Nervosa and their families.

Evolución y tratamiento de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en adolescentes: serie de casos / Treatment of eating disorders in adolescents: case series

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria son enfermedades de elevada prevalencia en la adolescencia y tienen repercusión en la salud integral. El objetivo fue describir su evolución y tratamiento en un grupo de adolescentes. Se estudiaron adolescentes menores de 18 años con al menos 6 meses de seguimiento y tratados por un equipo interdisciplinario. Se incluyeron 41 adolescentes: 23 presentaron anorexia nerviosa; 9, trastornos alimentarios no especificados; 7, bulimia nerviosa y 2, trastorno por atracones. El 35 % de pacientes con anorexia nerviosa requirió internación por complicaciones de la desnutrición. El 69 % de las pacientes con anorexia nerviosa, el 57 % de quienes tenían bulimia nerviosa y el 78 % de quienes tenían un trastorno alimentario no especificado presentaron remisión total o parcial, y no hubo pacientes fallecidos. La mayoría presentó una evolución favorable con el tratamiento.

Eating disorders are highly prevalent diseases in adolescence and have an impact on overall health. The objective was to describe the evolution and treatment of eating disorders in adolescents. Adolescents under 18 years of age with at least 6 months of follow-up and treated by an interdisciplinary team were studied. Forty one adolescents were included, 23 presented anorexia nervosa, 9 unspecified eating disorders, 7 bulimia nervosa and 2 binge eating disorders. Thirty five percent of patients with anorexia nervosa required hospitalization for complications of malnutrition. Sixty nine percent of the patients with anorexia nervosa, 57 % with bulimia nervosa, and 78 % with unspecified eating disorders had total or partial remission and there were no deceased patients. The majority presented a favorable evolution with the treatment.

Deep Brain Stimulation as a Treatment Approach for Anorexia Nervosa: a Systematic Literature Review

Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by distortions of body size, weight, and shape perception, as well as by food restriction and/or binge and purging behaviors. It mostly affects young women and causes severe negative impacts on their physical, psychological, and social health. Recent studies have analyzed deep brain stimulation (DBS), a neurosurgical procedure that involves electrode implantation in strategical brain areas, to obtain remission of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. The results showed that the stimulation of areas associated to the neurocircuitry of anorexia nervosa, such as nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, provokes beneficial responses in terms of bodymass index, quality of life, social functioning, and psychiatric comorbidities. Nevertheless, broader investigations are needed to endorse the clinical usage of DBS in the management of anorexia nervosa.

Desafios da atenção à anorexia nervosa na adolescência: etnografia em serviço público de saúde no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Challenges of anorexia nervosa in adolescence: ethnography in a public health service of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo O artigo busca, por meio de pesquisa antropológica etnográfica, refletir sobre a dinâmica de funcionamento cotidiano de um serviço público de saúde especializado no atendimento aos transtornos alimentares, bem como sobre o processo de adoecimento vivenciado por adolescentes que enfrentam publicamente a anorexia nervosa. O Programa de Transtornos Alimentares observado no Rio de Janeiro oferta atendimento ambulatorial e possibilidade de internação hospitalar. O trabalho de campo propiciou o conhecimento sobre a atenção prestada aos adolescentes e seus familiares, bem como as dificuldades vivenciadas pela equipe multiprofissional. A convivência mais estreita da pesquisadora no serviço de saúde possibilitou identificar os muitos desafios que perpassam a relação profissional de saúde-usuários, desmotivação profissional frente à complexidade da doença, falta de qualificação para tratar adolescentes, dentre outros obstáculos. Busca-se salientar a importância dessa temática para o campo da Saúde Coletiva no Brasil, com o desenvolvimento de diretrizes para orientar os serviços de saúde, bem como de políticas públicas de saúde que promovam a criação de programas, ações e atividades visando dar visibilidade e assegurar direitos aos portadores de transtornos alimentares no país.

Abstract Through anthropological, ethnographic research, this paper seeks to reflect on the dynamics of the daily functioning of a public health service specialized in the treatment of eating disorders, as well as on the process of illness experienced by adolescents who publicly face anorexia nervosa. The Eating Disorders Program observed in Rio de Janeiro provides both outpatient care and hospitalization. Fieldwork provided the knowledge about care provided to adolescents and their families, as well as the difficulties experienced by the multi-professional team. The closer coexistence of the researcher and health services facilitated the identification of the many challenges that permeate the health professional-user relationship, professional lack of motivation in the face of the complex disease, lack of qualification to treat adolescents, and other obstacles. We seek to stress the importance of this theme for the Brazilian Public Health, with the development of guidelines to orient health services, as well as public health policies that promote the establishment of programs, actions and activities aimed to give visibility and ensure rights for people with eating disorders in the country.

Experiencia emocional de mujeres diagnosticadas con Anorexia Nerviosa (AN) respecto al si mismo, el otro y su tratamiento / Emotional experience of women diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) with respect to her treatment, the self and the other

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo poder conocer la experiencia emocional de mujeres diagnosticadas con anorexia nerviosa respecto de su tratamiento, el sí mismo y el otro. Era interesante conocer cómo estas se describen e identifican y además cómo se desenvuelven con la alteridad, pudiendo rescatar de ello las influencias en sus vidas y en el proceso de la misma anorexia y tratamiento, por ende, en la expresión de sus emociones y el surgimiento de éstas. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, de alcance descriptivo-exploratorio y realizado mediante una metodología basada en la Fenomenología hermenéutica. En cuanto a la muestra, las participantes fueron seis mujeres entre 15 y 37 años, con una anorexia nerviosa diagnosticada y encontrándose en tratamiento a la hora de su participación. La técnica de recolección de datos fue la entrevista en profundidad semi-estructurada. Los resultados dan cuenta acerca de la experiencia emocional en torno al tratamiento. Al respecto surgen distintas maneras de expresión de sus emociones, por lo general negativas, como la rabia, inseguridad, invalidez, reactancia, etc. Sumado a lo anterior, el sí mismo y el otro se relacionan con la experiencia en tratamiento, ya que la manera de ser de estas mujeres influye tanto en el proceso de recuperación como en la manera en que se enfrentan a la alteridad, donde pueden mostrarse complacientes, como opositoras y en su totalidad culpables. Es aquí donde el cuerpo emerge como regulador de la relación con la alteridad y, por ende, surge el síntoma. Se concluye que el otro ya sea dentro del tratamiento como en la vida influye en que la sintomatología actualmente se encuentre latente.

The present study aimed to know the emotional experience of women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa regarding their treatment, the self and the other. It was interesting to know how these are described and identified and also how they develop with the otherness, and can rescue from it the influences in their lives and in the process of the same anorexia and treatment, therefore, In the expression of their emotions and the emergence of these. A qualitative approach was used, with a descriptive-exploratory scope and carried out using a methodology based on hermeneutic Phenomenology. As for the sample, the participants were six women between 15 and 37 years old, with anorexia nervosa diagnosed and being treated at the time of their participation. The technique of data collection was the semi-structured depth interview. The results tell about the emotional experience around treatment. Regarding this arise different ways of expressing their emotions, usually negative, such as anger, insecurity, disability, reactance, etc. In addition, the self and the other are related to the experience in treatment, since the way of being of these women influences both the recovery process and the way in which they face alterity, where they can be complacent or opposers, and in their totality guilty. It is here that the body emerges as regulator of the relationship with the otherness and, therefore, the symptom emerges. It is concluded that the other -either within the treatment as in life-, influences in that the symptomatology is currently dormant.

Actualizaciones en el manejo intrahospitalario de la anorexia nerviosa: recomendaciones prácticas / An update on inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa: practical recommendations

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is the psychiatric illness with the highest mortality, especially if it is associated with psychiatric and somatic comorbidity. Medical complications can be multiple and jeopardize the normal development of children and adolescents, even permanently. Although its prevalence is lower compared with other psychiatric disorders, its tendency to chronicity and the severity of its consequences are remarkable. Although outpatient treatment of anorexia is privileged as far as possible, the risks associated with poor response to treatment or lack of adherence of the patient or family, require the possibility of hospitalization at any time of the disease. We searched and analyzed the national and international literature available (especially clinical guidelines) about the indication for hospital treatment in AN and the interventions recognized as necessary and effective during hospitalization. Despite the lack of standardized criteria for hospitalization, the available information converge on the need for a multidisciplinary work by a specialist team, to make family interventions especially in adolescents and tailor treatment according to the individual physical, psychological and social needs.

A anorexia e a bulimia: entre o corpo, o eu e o outro / Anorexia and bulimia: between the body, the ego and the other

O comportamento alimentar, originário e essencial desde o nascimento, remete o sujeito à complexidade da sua relação com o próprio corpo, marca indelével dos efeitos da alteridade. A clínica psicanalítica da anorexia e da bulimia, por sua vez, nos confronta de saída com a questão do corpo, assim como nos coloca diante da especificidade dos processos da adolescência. Tal especificidade evoca as vicissitudes da relação precoce com a mãe no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento pulsional e sua relação com a identificação primária e, consequentemente, com os ideais, a diferenciação, a autonomia, o tempo e a morte. Este artigo traz para a discussão algumas hipóteses, elaboradas a partir da metapsicologia, com o objetivo de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do processo de construção da imagem corporal. Destaca que o investimento materno, através da escuta e interpretação das sensações corporais realizadas pela mãe, vai construindo para o bebê a imagem de seu corpo e assim sua identidade. Para concluir, enfatiza os possíveis desdobramentos dessa construção teórica na escuta do analista diante das particularidades do manejo transferencial desses casos(AU)

The eating behavior, originating and essential since birth, makes the individual aware of the complex relationship with his own body, an indelible mark of the effects of alterity. On the other hand, the psychoanalytical practice related to anorexia and bulimia immediately confront us with the issue of the body, as well as with the specific processes of adolescence. Such specificities evoke the vicissitudes of the early relationship with the mother regarding the management of the drives and the relationship with primary identification and consequently with ideals, differentiation, autonomy, time and death. This paper discusses some hypotheses based on metapsychology, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the process of constructing the body image. It stresses that the maternal investment, by listening and interpreting the bodily sensations, builds the baby's image of his own body and, therefore, his identity. Finally, it emphasizes the possible repercussions of that theoretical construction in the analyst's listening, given the peculiarities of the transference management in such cases(AU)

El comportamiento alimentario, originario y esencial desde el nacimiento, remite al sujeto a su relación con el propio cuerpo, marca indeleble de los efectos de la alteridad. La clínica psicoanalítica de la anorexia y de la bulimia, a su vez, nos enfrenta de inmediato a la cuestión del cuerpo y a la especificidad de los procesos de la adolescencia. Esa especificidad evoca las vicisitudes de la relación precoz con la madre en lo que dice respecto al manejo pulsional y a su relación con la identificación primaria y, en consecuencia, con los ideales, la diferenciación, la autonomía, el tiempo y la muerte. En este artículo se ponen sobre el tapete algunas hipótesis, elaboradas a partir de la metapsicología, con el objetivo de contribuir a una mejor comprensión del proceso de construcción de la imagen corporal. Se resalta que la investidura materna, por medio de la escucha e interpretación de las sensaciones corporales realizadas por la madre, va construyendo para el bebé la imagen de su cuerpo y, así, su identidad. Para concluir, se enfatizan las posibles repercusiones de dicha construcción teórica en la escucha del analista ante las particularidades del manejo transferencial de esos casos(AU)

Trastorno del comportamiento alimentario de difícil tratamiento: Caso clínico / Eating behavior disorders difficult to treat: A clinical case

La incidencia de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), integrados por la bulimia nerviosa (BN) y la anorexia nerviosa (AN) ha aumentado en los últimos años. Su etiología es multifactorial. Las edades de presentación son cada vez más tempranas, afectando a individuos de ambos sexos. Son trastornos crónicos, que asocian importante morbi-mortalidad y que frecuentemente se presentan con múltiples recaídas. El tratamiento requiere la participación de un equipo multidisciplinario, sin claras evidencias que indiquen la efectividad de diversas estrategias terapéuticas. Se analiza el caso clínico de una adolescente portadora de TCA: AN con componente purgativo. Presentaba varios de los factores de riesgo descriptos para la enfermedad, la forma de presentación fue característica y presentó algunas de las complicaciones más frecuentes. El tratamiento se inició con la paciente hospitalizada, realizando un abordaje multidisciplinario. La respuesta inicial no fue buena, por lo que fue necesario cambiar la estrategia terapéutica. Como objetivo terapéutico principal se planteó el cuidado de la integridad física y mental. Se buscó recuperar el estado nutricional instaurando cambios en la conducta alimentaria.

The incidence of eating behaviour disorders (EBD), represented by bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa (AN) has increased in recent years. Its aetiology is multifactorial. Currently, the age at presentation is increasingly younger, affecting individuals of both sexes. EBDs are chronic disorders, associated with high morbidity and mortality and often present with multiple relapses. Treatment requires the involvement of a multidisciplinary team, although there is no evidence indicating the effectiveness of various treatment strategies. The study presents the case of a EBD carrier teen (AN with purgative component). This patient had several risk factors described for the disease, the presentation was characteristic and presented some of the most frequent complications. Treatment was initiated with hospitalization and a multidisciplinary approach. The initial response was not good, so it was necessary to change the therapeutic strategy. The major therapeutic target was the physical and mental integrity care. Recovery of nutritional status was initiated and sought to establish changes in eating behaviour.

Trastorno dismórfico corporal: aspectos clínicos, dimensiones nosológicas y controversias con la anorexia nerviosa / Body dysmorphic disorder: clinical aspects, nosological dimensions and controversies with anorexia nervosa

There is strong evidence about the co-existence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders (ED), particularly with anorexia nervosa (AN). An exhaustive review of the specialised literature regarding these disorders was carried out. The results show that their co-occurrence implies a more complex diagnosis and treatment, a more severe clinical symptomatology and a worse prognosis and outcome. Both disorders display common similarities, differences and comorbidities, which allow authors to classify them in different nosological spectra (somatomorphic, anxious, obsessive-compulsive, affective and psychotic). Their crossover involves higher levels of body dissatisfaction and body image distortion, depression, suicidal tendency, personality disorders, substance use/abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, alexithymia and childhood abuse or neglect background. Treatment including cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and selective reuptake serotonin inhibitors are effective for both, BDD and ED; nevertheless, plastic surgery could exacerbate BDD. Clinical traits of BDD must be systematically detected in patients suffering from ED and vice versa.

Psicoterapia individual em um caso grave de anorexia nervosa: a construção da narrativa clínica / Individual psychotherapy in a severe case of anorexia nervosa: the construction of clinic narrative / Psicoterapia individual en un grave caso de anorexia nerviosa: la construcción de la narrativa clínica

A anorexia nervosa constitui um tipo de transtorno alimentar grave devido ao risco de vida que implica para a pessoa acometida. Ainda pouco se sabe sobre o alcance do trabalho com psicoterapia psicodinâmica nesses casos, a partir do vértice das experiências emocionais vividas pelo psicoterapeuta com o paciente. Este estudo tem por objetivo discutir os limites e possibilidades da intervenção psicoterápica individual em um caso grave de anorexia nervosa, por meio da construção da narrativa clínica focada no desenvolvimento de recursos da paciente para lidar com seus conflitos. Utilizou-se como estratégia metodológica o estudo de caso e o enfoque psicodinâmico como referencial teórico para condução do processo terapêutico e análise dos dados. O caso foi seguido em contexto ambulatorial, sendo destacado por sua relevância clínica e implicações terapêuticas. O processo psicoterapêutico desdobrou-se em profícuo espaço relacional, que favoreceu a superação de dificuldades psicológicas, promovendo transformações nas condições de vida da paciente.

Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder type due to the risk of life that implies for the afflicted person. Yet little is known about the scope of work with psychodynamic psychotherapy in these cases, from the perspective of emotional experiences lived by the psychotherapist with the patient. This study aims to discuss the limits and possibilities of an individual psychotherapeutic intervention in a severe case of anorexia nervosa, through the construction of clinical narrative focused on developing patient’s resources to deal with her conflicts. The case study was used as a methodological strategy and the psychodynamic approach was the theoretical basis to conduct the therapeutic process and data analysis. The case was followed in an outpatient setting, being remarked by its clinical relevance and therapeutic implications. The psychotherapeutic process unfolded in a fruitful relational space, which favored to overcome psychological difficulties, promoting changes in the conditions of life of the patient.

La anorexia nervosa es un grave tipo de trastorno de la alimentación, debido al riesgo de vida que implica para la persona afectada. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre el alcance del trabajo con la psicoterapia psicodinámica en estos casos, desde el vértice de las experiencias emocionales vividas por el psicoterapeuta con el paciente. En este sentido, este estudio tiene como objetivo discutir los límites y posibilidades de una intervención psicoterapéutica individual en un caso grave de anorexia nerviosa, a través de la construcción de la narrativa clínica centrada en el desarrollo de recursos de la paciente para hacer frente a sus conflictos. Fue utilizado como estrategia metodológica el estudio de caso y el enfoque psicodinámico como marco teórico para conducir el proceso terapêutico y el análisis de datos. El caso fue seguido en contexto ambulatorial y se destaca por su relevancia clínica e implicaciones terapéuticas. El proceso psicoterapéutico se desdobró em fructífero espacio relacional, lo que favoreció a superar las dificultades psicológicas, por medio de la promoción de cambios en las condiciones de vida de la paciente.

Avaliação da densidade mineral óssea em adolescentes do sexo feminino com transtorno alimentar / Evaluation of bone mineral density in female adolescents with eating disorders

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) lombar em meninas com transtorno alimentar no diagnóstico e após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 35 adolescentes do sexo feminino, portadoras de AN ou TANE acompanhadas por um ano. A densitometria óssea (DO) da coluna lombar L1-L4 pelo método de absorciometria com raios X de dupla energia (DXA) foi realizada no início, após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento do peso, da altura e do índice de massa corporal (IMC), progressão da idade óssea (p < 0,001), e 70% das adolescentes com amenorreia secundária restabeleceram os ciclos menstruais. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa do escore Z da DO lombar ao longo de um ano (p = 0,76). CONCLUSÃO: A recuperação da DMO não ocorre ao mesmo tempo em que a restauração do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in girls with eating disorders in the beginning of the treatment, at six months, and after one year of treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective study involved 35 female adolescents with AN or EDNOS treated during one year. Lumbar (L1-L4) bone mineral density by DXA was performed in the beginning of treatment, at six months, and after one year of treatment. RESULTS: There was improvement in weight, length, BMI, bone age (p < 0.001), and 70% of the adolescents with secondary amenorrhea had their menstrual cycles restored. However, the Z-score of lumbar BMD did not show differences during one year of follow-up (p = 0.76). CONCLUSION: The recovery of BMD does not occur together with the restoration of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Facilitadores de la alianza terapéutica en la anorexia nerviosa: una mirada desde la diada terapeuta-paciente / Facilitators of therapeutic alliance in anorexia nervosa: a look from the therapist-patient dyad

Antecedentes: En el contexto terapéutico de pacientes con anorexia nerviosa, es relevante el establecimiento de la alianza terapéutica (AT). Objetivo: Describir los aspectos identificados como facilitadores del logro de una AT positiva desde la perspectiva de pacientes con anorexia nerviosa y sus respectivas terapeutas. Método: Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo-relacional realizado con metodología cualitativa, cuyo análisis de datos se basó en la Grounded Theory, incluyéndose a dos pacientes anorécticas con sus respectivas terapeutas. Resultados: Las pacientes y sus terapeutas valoraron los siguientes parámetros, respectivamente: 1. Ambiente emocional: la incondicionalidad, el interés genuino y la confianza versus el no enjuiciamiento y mayor disponibilidad; 2. Conductas y actitudes deseables (en la terapeuta): flexibilidad, libertad para hablar y la disponibilidad, (en las pacientes): la necesidad de cambiar y tener recursos; 3. Técnicas valoradas: terapia centrada en recursos (o capacidades), co-participación con el tratamiento, conocer testimonios de otras pacientes, hablar libremente con empatía, chequear constantemente el tratamiento y responsabilizar a la paciente de su terapia. Surge un modelo de facilitadores de la AT que incluye subsistema paciente, subsistema terapeuta, atmósfera relacional y espacio terapéutico con sus características particulares. Conclusiones: La generación de una buena AT es un factor destacable en el éxito del proceso terapéutico que implica una relación consciente y una aceptación recíproca, integrada por las influencias de la díada terapeuta/paciente.

Background: The settlement of a therapeutic alliance (TA) is relevant within the therapeutic context of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Objective: To describe the aspects identified as facilitators in order to achieve a positive therapeutic alliance from the perspective of anorexic patients and their a positive therapeutic alliance from the perspective of anorexic patients and their therapists. Method: It was an exploratory, relational-descriptive and qualitative study and its data analysis was based in the Grounded Theory, including two anorectic patients and their in the Grounded Theory, including two anorectic patients and their therapists. Results: Both, patients and therapists valued the following parameters, respectively: 1. Emotional environment: unconditional genuine interest and confidence versus non judgment and higher availability; 2. Desirable behaviors and attitudes (in the therapist): flexibility, freedom of speech and availability, (in patients): to change and to have resources; 3. Valued techniques: centered in resources, co-participation in the treatment, to know testimonies of other patients versus focalization in skills, emphatic freedom of speech, to check the treatment constantly and to make the patient responsible of her therapy. A model of TA facilitators emerges that includes patient subsystem, therapist subsystem, relational atmosphere and therapeutic space with their particular characteristics. Conclusions: The generation of a good TA is a remarkable factor in the success of the therapeutic process that implies a conscious relationship and a reciprocal acceptation integrated by the influences of the therapist/patient dyad.

Terapia de remediación cognitiva para anorexia nervosa / Cognitive remediation therapy for anorexia nervosa

La anorexia nervosa (AN) es una enfermedad grave que se inicia en la adolescencia y afecta a mujeres jóvenes. Los diversos tratamientos psicológicos y farmacológicos empleados, no han mostrado resultados exitosos ni modificado su pronóstico. En este trabajo se revisa las bases y la evidencia disponible para la aplicación de Terapia de Remediación Cognitiva (TRC) en pacientes que sufren AN. Esta terapia aborda procesos cognitivos, enfocándose en mejorar flexibilidad cognitiva y coherencia central o estilo de procesamiento global, aspectos deficitarios en pacientes con AN. Los positivos resultados obtenidos con TRC en adultos con AN, plantean que podría ser una herramienta de gran utilidad en adolescentes.

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe disease which starts in adolescence and affects young women. Diverse psychological and pharmacological interventions have not shown usefulness or modify its prognosis. This review discusses the basis and available evidence for the application of Cognitive Remedial Therapy (CRT) in patients suffering from AN. CRT focuses in cognitive processes, aiming to improve cognitive flexibility and central coherence or global processing style, both insufficient in AN patients. The positive results obtained with CRT in AN adults, raise its potential contribution as a useful tool in the treatment of adolescents.

Nutrição e transtornos alimentares na adolescência / Nutrition and alimentary disorders in adolescence

Atualização dos principais aspectos relativos à nutrição na infância e adolescência, com particular enfoque nos principais distúrbios alimentares encontrados nessa faixa etária, anorexia nervosa e bulimia nervosa e abordando os recursos diagnósticos e a conduta terapêutica.

Anorexia nervosa: revisão baseada em evidências / Anorexia nervosa: evidence-based review

Este trabalho de revisão baseada em evidências foi idealizado para analisar aspectos relevantes de pacientes com anorexia nervosa, pois esta afeta grande número de mulheres, principalmente na adolescência, antes dos 25 anos, causando vários distúrbios clínicos. O objetivo foi avaliar, de acordo com a literatura, por meio de metodologia adequada, o quadro clínico mais característico, como fazer o diagnóstico e a melhor abordagem de tratamento. Os resultados desta revisão apontaram as melhores evidências de que o quadro clínico mostra distúrbios emocionais relacionados ao medo de engordar, perda de peso e suas repercussões clínicas. O diagnóstico é fundamentalmente clínico e o tratamento mais adequado consta de reabilitação alimentar, atendimento por equipe de especialistas, cuidados gerais e outras medidas, estas ainda sem evidências conclusivas de benefícios

This evidence-based review paper was organized in order to analyze relevant aspects of patients with anorexia nervosa because it affects a larger number of women, especially teenagers, before 25 years old, and causing a lot of clinical outcomes. The objective of the study was to evaluate according the literature by a proper methodology, the main clinical aspects, how to make the diagnosis and the best approach for treatment. The results of this review showed the best evidences of clinical aspects that were emotional disturbances related to gain weight, loss of weight and its clinical outcomes. The diagnostic is essentially by clinical data and the best treatment consists of assistance by a team of specialists, nutrition intervention, general cares and other treatments still without conclusive evidences of benefits

Características psicológicas de mães de pacientes com anorexia nervosa: implicações para o tratamento e prognóstico / Psychological characteristics of mothers of patients with anorexia nervosa: implications for treatment and prognosis

INTRODUCTION: The complexity of factors involved in anorexia nervosa (AN) and the recommendations of prominent health organizations underscore the importance of reflecting on therapeutic interventions aimed at patients' family members. OBJECTIVE: To expand knowledge about the mother-daughter relationship in AN, with a focus on developing a conceptual framework that is able to improve the treatment of the disorder, reduce factors that perpetuate it and improve prognosis. METHOD: A clinical method, anchored by psychodynamic references, was employed in a group of family members of patients with eating disorders. The group met weekly, and sessions were led by psychologists from the eating disorder outpatient clinic of a university hospital. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Common characteristics in the mother-daughter relationship in cases of AN were identified. The issue of mutual control, the dialectic between omnipotence and impotence, and the relationship of devotion, passion and annihilation between mothers and daughters are phenomena that form the basis of AN, with a direct influence on the severity of each case and on treatment success. CONCLUSION: Our findings allowed us to identify important aspects in the mother-daughter relationship in AN, which may improve the clinical interventions aimed at treating the disorder.

INTRODUÇÃO: A complexidade de fatores que compõem a anorexia nervosa (AN) e as recomendações de importantes organizações ligadas à saúde torna fundamental uma reflexão acerca de propostas de intervenções psicoterapêuticas direcionadas aos familiares desses pacientes. OBJETIVO: Expandir o conhecimento acerca da relação mãe-filha na AN, visando desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual que aperfeiçoe o tratamento do transtorno, reduza os fatores que o mantêm e melhore o prognóstico. MÉTODO: Utilizou-se um método clínico de observação fundamentado em referenciais psicodinâmicos de um grupo de familiares de pacientes com transtornos alimentares. O grupo aberto, semanal, era coordenado por psicólogas do ambulatório de transtornos alimentares de um hospital universitário. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Foram identificadas características comuns da relação mãe-filha nos casos de AN. A questão do controle mútuo, a dialética entre onipotência e impotência e a relação de devoção, paixão e aniquilamento entre mães e filhas são fenômenos que estão na base da estrutura da AN, com influência direta sobre a gravidade de cada caso e sobre o sucesso das possibilidades terapêuticas. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados possibilitaram identificar importantes aspectos da relação mãe-filha na AN, que podem aprimorar as intervenções clínicas para seu tratamento.